But JMP, due to the lack of affordable methods to test water quality directly, collects data from national surveys to investigate improvement in water source, which makes the data less reliable ( Wang et al. Total WASH-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for India were estimated to be 28,213.3, which is one of the highest in the world ( Prüss-Üstün et al. Even though more than 690 million people got access to toilets where India represents more than 50% of this population, 670 million people still practice open defecation in the world ( JMP 2019).

India's Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan, launched in 2014, helped 500 million people, which represent 25% of the total world population, to gain access to basic sanitation. It was estimated that in 2017, 60% of the world's population had access to basic handwashing facilities available at home ( JMP 2019).

Also, in the same period a quarter of the total population in the world got access to basic sanitation services. An estimate by Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) suggests that from 2000 to 2017, 10% of the total world population gained safely managed water services, yet 3 out of 10 people lack it.

The importance of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) has been proved to be a crucial factor in the control of water-borne diseases ( Maduka 2004 Bartram & Cairncross 2010 Freeman et al. Therefore, India needs to run campaigns like Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (Clean India Mission), which mainly aimed to reduce open defecation, to promote personal hygiene and to reduce the prevalence of water-borne diseases. Personal hygiene is one of the health factors neglected by the people specifically in rural India. The regression concluded that personal hygiene has a more significant effect on the occurrence of water-borne diseases than the quality of water source in the study area. For water and personal hygiene, quality indices were calculated, and a mathematical model was developed using multiple linear regression analysis.

Water samples were collected from all major water sources in the villages and analyzed for chemical and bacteriological properties. Of the households, 4,237 in 15 selected villages were surveyed for personal hygiene using a questionnaire. This research is aimed to assess occurrence of water-borne diseases based on personal hygiene and quality of drinking water source. The most affordable and reliable way to provide clean drinking water is treatment at the consumer end. Unlike urban and semi-urban settlements where the potable water is supplied through a water treatment plant and a distribution network, in rural low-income settings, the provision of the water treatment plant for all villages is not feasible for a developing country like India.

Yeshwant 1997